Grammar+and+Punctuation 

Text Level- Cohesion

determining the noun to which a pronoun refers, eg //Koalas// eat leaves. //Koalas// are not bears. //They// are … || **synonyms** words that have the same or similar meaning, eg leave/depart, tired/weary words that have opposite meanings, eg hot/cold, arrive/leave words that sequence information in texts, eg first, next, finally words linked because they deal with the same topic **noun–pronoun agreement** selection of the correct pronoun (considering number and gender) for the noun or noun group to which it refers, eg The //girl// ate //her// lunch; The //dogs// enjoyed //their// walk selection of a verb form which matches the number of its subject (noun or noun group), eg They //were// at home; The cat //is// sitting still; The people //are// on the boat || one or more clauses; a key unit for expressing ideas. A written sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark, eg Kim broke the vase. Kim tripped on the step and she broke the vase **conjunction**  joining word, eg and, so, but || **compound sentence** two or more clauses usually linked by a coordinating conjunction, eg The bell rang //and// Kim went home eg, Kim said, ‘I want to go home’ **reported (indirect) speech** eg, Kim said that she wanted to go home **coordinating conjunction** a word or words that link phrases and clauses, eg as, and, or, either/ neither, but, so, and, then **paragraph** two or more sentences centred on the same theme or idea; begins with a ‘topic sentence’ (introducing the theme or idea) in factual texts || provides information, eg I am leaving now asks for an answer, eg Are you busy? tells us to do something, eg Close the door for emphasis, eg I won! || **clause** a complete message or thought expressed in words: - a clause includes at least one noun and one verb - a clause may be a sentence on its own (main clause) or may be combined with a main clause to form a sentence - a clause may tell us about an action and those involved in the action, eg Mark //(noun – doer) // opened //(verb – action verb) // the door //(noun – done to) // || a group of words built around a noun that describes or specifies the noun: - may include articles or adjectives, eg the sunny day, a long and bumpy road - may include two or more nouns, eg boys and girls, cats and dogs || contributes extra information about the main clause, eg where, when or how, eg Kim broke the vase //in the morning// (when); My mother was standing //beside my bed// (where) || **adverbial phrase** contributes extra information about the main clause, eg how, when, where, why: - includes a preposition plus a noun group - tells us more about the action, eg Kim broke the vase //in the morning// (when); My mother was standing //beside my bed// (where); I went home //with a friend// (with whom) || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a naming word for a person, place or thing || **noun** a naming word for a person, place or thing: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a, an, the placed before a noun to form part of a noun group; may refer to a specific person or thing (//the//), or a non-specific person or thing (//a//, //an//) || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a word that describes a noun || **adjective** a word that describes a noun: - describing, eg size, colour, shape (big, red, round, beautiful, sunny) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- numbering, eg two || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a word that stands instead of a noun, eg I, me, he, she || **pronoun** a word that stands instead of a noun: - personal pronoun, eg I, me, him, it <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- possessive pronoun, eg This book is //mine//; it is not //yours// || a word that tells what is happening or what is: - **action verb** (describes doing or saying), eg run, shout <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a word that describes a verb or adjective to tell when, where or how, eg She sings //occasionally//; He is //really// interesting || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">placed in front of a noun group to show where or when, eg //on// the box (where), //before// my birthday (when) || two words combined, eg playground eg happy attached to the beginning of a base word to change the meaning, eg //un//happy <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">attached to the end of a base word to change the meaning, eg happ//ily// || · alliteration, eg __s__lippery, __s__lithering __s__nakes · onomatopoeia, eg the wind // w //// hooshed // · <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">repetition || used for names and to signal the beginning of a sentence used to signal the end of a sentence used to signal a question used to provide emphasis <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">used to signal quoted (direct) speech || **capital letter** used for proper nouns used to signal the end of a question used to signal the end of an exclamation <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">separates items in a list ||
 * || ES1 || S1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">TEXT LEVEL – COHESION || **pronoun reference**
 * antonyms**
 * time connectives**
 * word families**
 * Subject–verb agreement**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">SENTENCE LEVEL – STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE || **sentence**
 * quoted (direct) speech**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CLAUSE LEVEL – STRUCTURE OF THE CLAUSE || **statement**
 * question**
 * command**
 * exclamation**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">GROUP AND PHRASE LEVEL Structure of the noun group ||  || **noun group**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">GROUP AND PHRASE LEVEL Structure of the adverbial phrase || **where/when/how adverbial phrase**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WORD LEVEL Nouns || noun
 * - common noun**, eg girl, city
 * - proper noun**, eg Mary, Sydney
 * - concrete noun** (tangible, may be a common noun or proper noun)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- abstract nouns **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, eg happiness, surprise ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WORD LEVEL Articles ||  || **article**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WORD LEVEL Adjectives || **adjective**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WORD LEVEL Pronouns || **pronoun**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">WORD LEVEL <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;"> Verbs ||  || **verb**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- thinking verb **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, eg wonder ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">WORD LEVEL <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;"> Adverbs ||  || **adverb**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">WORD LEVEL <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;"> Prepositions ||  || **preposition**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WORD BUILDING AND ORIGINS ||  || **compound word**
 * base words**
 * prefixes**
 * suffixes**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CREATIVE AND EVALUATIVE 6LANGUAGE ||  || **creative language features**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">PUNCTUATION || **capital letter**
 * full stop**
 * question mark**
 * exclamation mark**
 * quotation marks**
 * question mark**
 * exclamation mark**
 * comma**